Twin Screw Extruder Lab Manufacturer: Itọsọna Iṣowo B2B pataki fun Awọn ọja ni
The global market for lab-scale twin screw extruders is experiencing significant momentum as pharmaceutical, polymer, ounje processing, and advanced materials industries demand precision compounding equipment for R&D and small-batch production. For B2B buyers sourcing from a twin screw extruder lab manufacturer, understanding the transatlantic trade landscape between the United States and European Union is critical. This comprehensive guide examines current trade policies, market opportunities, awọn ilana orisun, awọn iwadii ọran gidi-aye, and near-term forecasts to help procurement professionals, awọn alaba pin, and OEM partners make informed decisions when selecting a Twin dabaru extruder olupese tabi lab extruder factory for cross-border commerce.
Understanding the Twin Screw Extruder Lab Equipment Market
Twin screw extruders designed for laboratory environments serve as essential tools across multiple industries. Ko wọn ise-asekale ẹlẹgbẹ, lab twin screw extruders are compact, highly configurable machines used for material development, formulation testing, iṣapeye ilana, and small-volume production runs. The core applications include:
- Pharmaceutical gbona-yo extrusion (HME): Developing amorphous solid dispersions and controlled-release dosage forms
- Polymer compounding: Testing new polymer blends, masterbatches, and nanocomposites at bench scale
- Imọ onjẹ: Developing extruded snacks, awọn ọlọjẹ orisun ọgbin, and encapsulated ingredients
- Batiri ati awọn ohun elo agbara: Processing electrode slurries and solid-state electrolyte compounds
- Chemical and catalysis research: Continuous reactive extrusion for green chemistry applications
Plastic Extruders Manufacturer Ni ibamu si data lati Grand Wo Iwadi ati Awọn ọja ati Awọn ọja, ọja agbaye ibeji skru extruder ni idiyele ni isunmọ USD 1.2 bilionu ni 2024, with the lab and pilot-scale segment growing at a CAGR of 6.2% nipasẹ 2030. The US and EU collectively represent over 55% of demand for lab-scale extrusion equipment, driven by robust pharmaceutical R&D pipelines and advanced materials research funding.
Laboratory research equipment and industrial machinery used in polymer and pharmaceutical compounding processes
Trade Policy Landscape for Industrial Lab Equipment
Ibasepo iṣowo transatlantic laarin Amẹrika ati European Union jẹ ajọṣepọ iṣowo ti o tobi julọ ni agbaye. Ni ibamu si awọn International Trade Administration (ITA), Iṣowo ọja ati iṣẹ ti kọja USD 1.3 aimọye ninu 2024. For B2B buyers and sellers of lab-scale twin screw extruders, several policy frameworks shape the trading environment:
Awọn ipin owo idiyele ati Awọn oṣuwọn Ojuse
Lab twin screw extruders typically fall under Harmonized System (HS) koodu 8477.20 (extruders fun ṣiṣẹ roba tabi pilasitik) tabi 8479.82 (dapọ, ìkúnlẹ̀, crushing machines) depending on configuration and declared end-use. Under the current US tariff schedule maintained by the US International Trade Commission (USITC), most-favored-nation (MFN) duty rates for these categories range from 2.0% si 3.8% for EU-origin equipment. The EU's Common External Tariff, administered by the European Commission Directorate-Gbogbogbo fun Trade, applies similar rates for US-manufactured extruders entering the single market.
Igbimọ Iṣowo ati Imọ-ẹrọ (TTC)
Ti iṣeto ni 2021 and continuing through, the TTC has facilitated regulatory alignment on standards for industrial machinery, including CE marking recognition discussions and mutual acceptance of certain testing protocols. While a comprehensive free trade agreement remains elusive following the stalled TTIP negotiations, the TTC's working groups on standards and conformity assessment have reduced non-tariff barriers for precision lab equipment. Awọn US Department of Commerce reported in April that bilateral technical barriers to trade in the machinery sector decreased by an estimated 12% niwon 2023.
Abala 301 ati Retaliatory Owo idiyele
Nigba ti Abala 301 awọn owo-ori nipataki fojusi awọn ọja orisun Kannada, B2B buyers must verify the country of origin for components within twin screw extruder assemblies. A lab extruder manufactured in Germany but incorporating Chinese-made servo motors or control systems could face partial tariff exposure upon US import if substantial transformation rules are not met. Awọn US kọsitọmu ati Aala Idaabobo (CBP) has increased scrutiny of origin declarations for industrial machinery since Q1.
EU Erogba Aala tolesese Mechanism (CBAM)
Beginning its transitional phase reporting requirements in 2024 and moving toward full implementation, CBAM affects steel and aluminum-intensive products. Lab twin screw extruders with significant steel barrel and screw element content may require CBAM reporting when imported into the EU from non-EU countries. Manufacturers and exporters should prepare embedded emissions documentation as outlined by the EU Taxation and Customs Union.
International shipping port with cargo containers representing transatlantic B2B trade logistics between the US and Europe
B2B Trade Opportunities for Twin Screw Extruder Lab Manufacturers
The convergence of several industry trends creates substantial opportunities for twin screw extruder lab manufacturers, awọn olupese, and their B2B distribution partners operating across the corridor:
Pharmaceutical Industry Demand Surge
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) have both signaled strong support for continuous manufacturing processes in pharmaceutical production. Hot-melt extrusion using twin screw extruders is a cornerstone technology for continuous pharma manufacturing. Gẹgẹ bi FDA guidance documents imudojuiwọn ni 2024, the agency actively encourages adoption of continuous processing, which begins at the lab scale. This regulatory tailwind drives demand for lab twin screw extruders from pharmaceutical companies, contract development and manufacturing organizations (Awọn CDMOs), and university research labs on both sides of the Atlantic.
The European pharmaceutical sector, valued at over EUR 300 billion annually according to EFPIA (European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations), is investing heavily in process analytical technology (PAT) integrated lab extruders. B2B suppliers offering PAT-ready lab twin screw extruders with inline NIR, Raman, or UV-Vis monitoring capabilities are positioned for premium market segments.
Awọn ohun elo to ti ni ilọsiwaju ati Imọ-ẹrọ Batiri
Ofin Idinku Ilọkuro AMẸRIKA (IRA) and the EU Battery Regulation are driving massive investment in domestic battery material processing. Lab twin screw extruders are used for developing electrode paste formulations, solid-state electrolyte compounds, and separator coatings. Awọn US Department of Energy allocated over USD 6 billion for battery manufacturing and materials processing R&D through, much of which flows to labs requiring precision extrusion equipment.
Sustainable and Bio-Based Polymer Research
EU Green Deal mandates and US EPA sustainability initiatives are accelerating research into biodegradable polymers, atunlo ohun elo yellowing, and bio-based plastics. Lab twin screw extruders are indispensable for developing these formulations. Awọn European Bioplastics Association ise agbese awọn bioplastics oja lati dagba lati 2.2 milionu tonnu ni 2024 si 7.4 milionu tonnu nipasẹ 2029, with lab-scale extrusion equipment demand growing proportionally.
Key Challenges in Cross-Border B2B Extruder Trade
Despite favorable demand conditions, B2B participants in the twin screw extruder lab equipment trade face several challenges:
Regulatory Compliance Complexity
A twin screw extruder lab manufacturer exporting from the EU to the US must ensure compliance with OSHA machinery safety standards, UL or NRTL electrical certification, and potentially FDA 21 Apá CFR 11 compliance for pharmaceutical applications. Lọna miiran, US manufacturers exporting to the EU must meet CE marking requirements under the Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC (transitioning to the new Machinery Regulation EU 2023/1230 munadoko January 2027), ATEX directives for potentially explosive atmospheres, and the Low Voltage Directive.
Supply Chain Disruptions and Lead Times
Lab twin screw extruders incorporate precision-machined components—intermeshing screw elements, segmented agba, high-torque gearboxes—that require specialized metallurgy and tight tolerances. Supply chain disruptions affecting specialty steel alloys (Stellites, PM-HIP tool steels) and precision bearings have extended lead times to 16-24 weeks for some configurations, according to industry reports from the VDMA (German Mechanical Engineering Industry Association).
Ohun-ini Imọye ati Awọn ifiyesi Gbigbe Imọ-ẹrọ
The lab extruder market involves significant proprietary technology in screw design, agba metallurgy, and control software. B2B buyers must conduct thorough due diligence on IP protections, especially when sourcing from manufacturers who also serve as OEM suppliers to competing brands. Awọn World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) data shows patent filings for twin screw extruder innovations increased 18% ninu 2024, reflecting intensifying competition.
Engineers inspecting precision industrial machinery in a modern manufacturing facility representing quality control in extrud
Geographic and Policy Advantages in Extruder Trade
The trade corridor offers distinct advantages for B2B participants in the lab twin screw extruder market:
2020 Extruded Aluminum Michigan Awọn amayederun eekaderi ti iṣeto: Major transatlantic shipping routes connecting ports like Rotterdam, Hamburg, and Antwerp in Europe with Newark, Houston, and Los Angeles in the US provide reliable 10-14 day ocean freight transit times. Air freight options through major cargo hubs (Frankfurt, Amsterdam Schiphol, Chicago O'Hare, Memphis) enable 2-3 day delivery for urgent spare parts and small lab extruder shipments.
Awọn ilana idanimọ ara ẹni: While not a full mutual recognition agreement, the TTC has advanced alignment on calibration standards (ISO/IEC 17025 accredited labs), which simplifies acceptance of factory acceptance test (Ọra) documentation for lab extruders crossing the Atlantic.
Strong legal protections: Both jurisdictions offer robust contract enforcement, arbitration mechanisms (ICC, LCIA, AAA), and intellectual property protections that reduce commercial risk for high-value capital equipment transactions typical in the lab extruder market.
Currency and financing stability: USD-EUR transactions benefit from deep foreign exchange markets, widely available trade finance instruments (awọn lẹta ti gbese, Ile-ibẹwẹ kirẹditi okeere ti n ṣe atilẹyin lati Ex-Im Bank ati Euler Hermes), and established factoring services that support B2B payment terms common in capital equipment sales (ojo melo 30-60% advance, balance on delivery/commissioning).
Talent and technical support networks: Both the US and EU have extensive networks of application engineers, service technicians, and academic collaborators who support lab twin screw extruder installations. This enables manufacturers to offer comprehensive after-sales support across the Atlantic through local subsidiaries or authorized service partners.
Ikẹkọ Ọran: European Lab Extruder Manufacturer Expanding into the US Market
Blender Extrude Along Curve A mid-sized German twin screw extruder lab manufacturer (anonymized fun asiri), headquartered in the 3D Direct Extruder Stuttgart region with approximately 200 employees and annual revenue of EUR 45 milionu, provides an instructive case study for B2B cross-border expansion.
Background and Market Entry Strategy
The company had established a strong European customer base across pharmaceutical, polymer, and food extrusion applications. Ninu 2023, they identified the US market as their primary growth opportunity based on increasing FDA support for continuous manufacturing and the expanding US battery materials sector. Dipo idasile ile-iṣẹ iṣelọpọ ni kikun, they adopted a hybrid approach:
- Established a US-based sales and service subsidiary in New Jersey (proximity to pharmaceutical corridor and Newark port)
- Partnered with a US-based systems integrator for electrical panel modifications to meet UL/NRTL requirements
- Maintained all core manufacturing (awọn agba, dabaru eroja, gearboxes) in Germany to preserve quality control and "Made in Germany" positioning
- Invested in a US demo lab with two fully operational lab twin screw extruders for customer trials
Awọn abajade ati Awọn ẹkọ ti a Kọ
Ninu 18 months of US market entry, the company reported:
- 23 lab twin screw extruder installations across US pharmaceutical companies, universities, and national laboratories
- US revenue reaching EUR 8.2 milionu, representing 18% of total company revenue
- Average order value 15% higher than European sales due to PAT integration and FDA compliance packages
- Customer acquisition cost 40% lower than projected, attributed to the demo lab strategy and trade show presence at INTERPHEX ati ORUKO
Key lessons included the importance of local inventory for wear parts (dabaru eroja, agba liners) to meet US customer expectations for 48-hour spare parts delivery, and the value of hiring US-based application engineers with direct industry experience rather than relying solely on remote support from Germany.
Professional B2B trade exhibition hall with industrial equipment displays representing international machinery trade shows
Ikẹkọ Ọran: US Distributor Building a Multi-Brand Lab Extruder Portfolio
A US-based industrial equipment distributor (anonymized) specializing in process equipment for the chemical and pharmaceutical sectors illustrates the B2B wholesale model for lab twin screw extruders.
The distributor identified a gap in the US market for mid-range lab twin screw extruders positioned between budget Asian imports and premium European brands. They established exclusive Anycubic Extruder Gear distribution agreements with two European manufacturers—one Italian specialist in food-grade lab extruders and one Austrian manufacturer focused on pharmaceutical HME systems.
Their value proposition to US end-users included:
- Single-source procurement for multiple extruder configurations
- US-based commissioning, ikẹkọ, and preventive maintenance services
- Spare parts warehousing with guaranteed 24-hour domestic shipping
- Application development support through a shared-use lab facility
- Simplified procurement through US-dollar invoicing and standard US commercial terms
This model generated USD 12 million in annual lab extruder sales by 2024, with a 35% gross margin reflecting the value-added services layer. The distributor's success demonstrates that B2B wholesale and distribution models remain highly viable in the lab twin screw extruder market, particularly when combined with technical expertise and local service capabilities.
Selecting the Right Twin Screw Extruder Lab Manufacturer Buyer's Guide
For procurement professionals evaluating a twin screw extruder lab manufacturer or supplier, the following criteria should guide the selection process:
Technical Specifications to Evaluate
- Screw diameter range: Lab extruders typically range from 10mm to 27mm diameter; ensure the manufacturer offers the diameter appropriate for your throughput requirements (ojo melo 0.5-50 kg/hr for lab scale)
- L/D ratio flexibility: Look for modular barrel designs allowing L/D ratios from 20:1 si 60:1 to accommodate diverse processing requirements
- Torque density: Higher torque density (wọn ni Nm/cm³) enables processing of high-viscosity materials; premium lab extruders offer 14-18 Nm/cm³
- Screw speed range: Pharmaceutical applications may require low speeds (10-100 RPM) while polymer compounding demands high speeds (titi di 1200 RPM)
- Temperature control precision: ±1°C zone control is standard for pharmaceutical applications; verify heating and cooling capacity per zone
- Data acquisition and control: 21 Apá CFR 11 compliant software for pharma; OPC-UA connectivity for Industry 4.0 Integration
Manufacturer Qualification Criteria
- ISO 9001:2015 certification as minimum; ISO 13485 for medical device applications
- Documented installation base with reference customers in your specific application area
- In-house metallurgical capabilities for barrel and screw element manufacturing
- Application laboratory available for customer trials and process development
- Global service network or authorized service partners in your region
- Financial stability assessment (Dun & Bradstreet or equivalent rating)
Close-up of precision-engineered industrial components representing the high-quality manufacturing standards of lab twin scre
Trade Trend Forecasts: Twin Screw Extruder Lab Market for Mid-
Da lori lọwọlọwọ oja ifi, imulo idagbasoke, and industry intelligence gathered from sources including the VDMA, ITA, ati SPE (Society of pilasitik Enginners), the following trends are projected for the twin screw extruder lab equipment market over the next one to two months:
Continued Strong Demand from Pharmaceutical Sector
Multiple pharmaceutical companies are expected to announce expanded continuous manufacturing initiatives in Q3, following positive FDA feedback on continuous manufacturing submissions. This will drive procurement of lab twin screw extruders for process development and scale-up studies. CDMOs in both the US and EU are actively expanding their HME capabilities, creating a secondary demand wave.
Battery Materials Processing Acceleration
With the EU Battery Regulation's due diligence requirements taking effect and US IRA-funded battery manufacturing facilities reaching commissioning stages, demand for lab extruders configured for electrode material processing is expected to increase 20-25% quarter-over-quarter through mid-. Manufacturers offering specialized configurations for dry electrode processing will see particular demand. Extruded Aluminum Brackets
Pricing Pressure and Competitive Dynamics
Increased competition from Asian manufacturers (particularly from South Korea, Japan, and China) offering lab twin screw extruders at 30-50% lower price points than European equivalents is creating pricing pressure in the mid-range market segment. Sibẹsibẹ, for regulated applications (elegbogi, food-contact, medical device), European and US manufacturers maintain strong positioning due to documentation quality, regulatory compliance support, and established validation track records.
Supply Chain Normalization
Lead times for lab twin screw extruders are expected to stabilize at 12-16 weeks for standard configurations by mid-, down from the 20-28 week peaks experienced in 2023. Specialty steel availability has improved, and major gearbox suppliers have expanded capacity. This normalization benefits B2B buyers with more predictable project timelines.
Digital and Remote Capabilities as Standard
Remote monitoring, predictive maintenance, and virtual commissioning capabilities are transitioning from premium options to standard features. B2B buyers should expect and demand IoT-enabled lab extruders with cloud-based data platforms, which also facilitate cross-border technical support between manufacturer and end-user.
Digital analytics dashboard displaying industrial performance data Twin dabaru Extrude Factory nsoju Industry 4.0 integration in modern lab extrus Plastic Extruders Wholesale
Workplace Safety in B2B Extrusion Operations: Protecting Operators with Safety Footwear
Operating twin screw extruders—even at lab scale—involves inherent workplace hazards that B2B facility managers and safety officers must address. Lab extrusion environments present specific risks to operators' feet and lower extremities that demand proper personal protective equipment (PPE), paapa ailewu bata.
Hazard Assessment for Lab Extrusion Environments
Lab twin screw extruder operations involve several foot-injury hazards identified under OSHA Standard 1910.136 (Foot Protection) and the EU PPE Regulation (EU) 2016/425:
- Heavy object impact: Dabaru eroja, agba àáyá, and die assemblies can weigh 5-25 kg kọọkan. Dropping these precision-machined components during assembly, ninu, or changeover poses significant crush and impact risks to feet and toes
- Hot material contact: Extruded polymer strands, molten material purges, and heated barrel surfaces can reach temperatures of 150-350°C. Splashes or drips of molten material onto unprotected footwear can cause severe burns
- Ifihan kemikali: Solvents used for cleaning, processing Eedi, and certain reactive monomers can damage standard footwear and penetrate to skin
- Awọn ewu isokuso: Spilled pellets, processing epo, and cooling water create slip-and-fall risks on lab floors
- Awọn ewu funmorawon: Rolling carts loaded with barrel sections, material feeders, and downstream equipment can roll over feet
- Awọn ewu itanna: Lab extruders operate on high-voltage power supplies (typically 380-480V three-phase); electrical fault scenarios require ESD-rated footwear
Safety Footwear Standards and Classifications
B2B procurement of safety footwear for extrusion lab environments should reference the following standards:
For US operations: ASTM F2413-18 defines performance requirements for protective footwear, pẹlu ikolu resistance (I/75 = 75 ft-lbs Idaabobo ikolu), funmorawon resistance (C/75 = 2,500 lbs funmorawon Idaabobo), Idaabobo metatarsal (Mt/75), itanna ewu resistance (EH), and static dissipative (SD) properties.
For EU operations: NI ISO 20345:2022 defines safety footwear categories. For lab extrusion environments, S3 won won Footwear (closed seat region, antistatic, energy absorption of seat region, water penetration/absorption resistance, cleated outsole) with additional SRC slip resistance rating is recommended as minimum. For high-temperature environments, HRO (heat-resistant outsole, olubasọrọ ooru to 300°C fun 60 iṣẹju-aaya) rated footwear is essential.
Selecting Safety Footwear for Extrusion Lab Personnel
When a twin screw extruder lab manufacturer or facility operator specifies safety footwear for their team, the following features should be prioritized:
- Composite or steel toe caps: Providing 200J impact protection (IN) or I/75 (ASTM). Composite toe caps are preferred in lab environments as they are lighter, ti kii-conductive, and do not trigger metal detectors—important in pharmaceutical and food-grade facilities
- Ooru-sooro outsoles: Nitrile roba outsoles ti won won fun olubasọrọ ooru resistance to 300°C protect against accidental stepping on hot extrudate or near heated equipment
- Anti-static or ESD properties: Essential in environments processing flammable materials or operating sensitive electronic control systems
- Chemical-resistant uppers: Polyurethane-coated or full-grain leather uppers resist common solvents and processing chemicals
- Puncture-sooro midsoles: Kevlar or composite midsoles protect against penetration by sharp metal fragments from screw element wear or barrel maintenance
- Ergonomic design for extended wear: Lab operators may stand for 8-12 hour shifts during extended extrusion trials; footwear with proper arch support, timutimu insoles, and appropriate weight distribution reduces fatigue and musculoskeletal injury risk
Ọran Iṣowo fun Idoko Awọn Footwear Aabo
Fun awọn iṣẹ B2B, investing in proper safety footwear delivers measurable returns:
Plastic Extrusion Machine Suppliers Ni ibamu si awọn US Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS), Awọn ipalara ẹsẹ jẹ iroyin fun isunmọ 60,000 workplace injuries annually in the US, pẹlu apapọ iye owo ti USD 9,600 fun isẹlẹ (including medical costs, sọnu ise sise, ati awọn oṣiṣẹ' biinu). In manufacturing environments specifically, the National Safety Council estimates that proper safety footwear prevents 60-70% of foot injuries. Masterbatch Extruder Wholesale Extruded Plastic Hinge
For a lab extrusion facility with 10-20 operators, the annual investment in quality safety footwear (USD 150-300 fun bata, replaced annually) of USD 1,500-6,000 compares Twin Screw Compounder Factory favorably against the potential cost of even a single foot injury incident. Beyond taara iye owo ayi, proper PPE programs including safety footwear contribute to:
- OSHA compliance and reduced citation risk (OSHA penalties for PPE violations can reach USD 16,131 per violation as of )
- Awọn oṣiṣẹ kekere' compensation insurance premiums through improved Experience Modification Rate (EMR)
- Enhanced employee retention and morale—workers who feel protected perform better
- Customer audit compliance, as pharmaceutical and automotive customers routinely audit supplier safety programs
- EU compliance with Directive 89/656/EEC on minimum health and safety requirements for workers' use of PPE
Integrating Safety Footwear into B2B Procurement
B2B buyers of lab twin screw extruders should consider safety footwear as part of their total installation package. Leading twin screw extruder lab manufacturers include safety requirements documentation with their equipment deliveries, specifying minimum PPE requirements for operators. When evaluating a twin screw extruder factory or supplier, ask whether they provide:
- Comprehensive risk assessment documentation identifying foot hazards specific to their equipment
- PPE specification guides tailored to their extruder models and typical operating conditions
- Operator training materials that include proper PPE usage and inspection procedures
- Safety signage packages for the lab environment
Industrial manufacturing worker wearing proper safety equipment including protective footwear in a modern production facility
Awọn ibeere Nigbagbogbo: Twin Screw Extruder Lab Manufacturer B2B Sourcing
- What is the typical lead time when ordering from a twin screw extruder lab manufacturer?
- Standard configuration lab twin screw extruders typically require 12-16 weeks from order confirmation to delivery as of mid-. Highly customized systems with specialized metallurgy, pharmaceutical compliance packages, or integrated PAT systems may require 20-24 ọsẹ. B2B buyers should factor in additional time for ocean freight (2-3 ọsẹ ), iyanda kọsitọmu, and on-site commissioning (1-2 ọsẹ).
- What certifications should a twin screw extruder lab manufacturer hold for pharmaceutical applications?
- For pharmaceutical hot-melt extrusion applications, look for manufacturers with ISO 9001:2015 iwe eri isakoso didara, the ability to provide IQ/OQ documentation packages, FDA 21 Apá CFR 11 compliant control software, and product-contact surfaces meeting FDA and EU food-contact material regulations. GMP-compatible design with full material traceability documentation is essential. Some manufacturers also hold ISO 13485 for medical device applications.
- What is the minimum order quantity (MOQ) for lab twin screw extruders in B2B wholesale?
- Unlike commodity products, lab twin screw extruders are capital equipment typically sold in single units. B2B wholesale and distribution agreements are usually structured around annual volume commitments (f.eks., 5-20 units per year) rather than per-order MOQs. Distributors may negotiate exclusive territory rights in exchange for minimum annual purchase commitments with the manufacturer.
- How do I verify the quality of a twin screw extruder lab manufacturer before placing a large order?
- Ṣe ayẹwo ayẹwo ile-iṣẹ kan (in-person or via third-party auditors such as SGS or TÜV), request reference customer contacts in your specific application area, review their installation base and service history, evaluate their metallurgical testing and quality control documentation, and if possible arrange a trial run on their demo equipment with your specific materials before committing to purchase.
- What are the key differences between a twin screw extruder lab manufacturer, olupese, and factory?