What Is A Twin Screw Extruder Factory – Complete B2B Guide for Global Manufacturers, Leverantörer & Grossist köpare

What Is A Twin Screw Extruder Factory? A Comprehensive B2B Guide for Manufacturers, Leverantörer, and Wholesale Buyers

A twin screw extruder factory is a specialized industrial manufacturing facility that designs, engineers, assembles, and tests twin screw extrusion systems used across plastics compounding, livsmedelsbearbetning, läkemedel, and chemical industries. For B2B buyers sourcing from global markets — particularly across the trade corridor — understanding what these factories produce, how they operate, and what differentiates a reliable twin screw extruder manufacturer from an unreliable one is critical to making sound procurement decisions. This guide covers the full landscape: factory operations, supplier evaluation, wholesale purchasing strategies, trade policy impacts, and forward-looking market trends for and beyond.

Understanding the Twin Screw Extruder: Core Technology and Industrial Applications

A twin screw extruder is a machine that uses two intermeshing, co-rotating or counter-rotating screws housed inside a barrel to mix, förening, smälta, and shape raw materials. Unlike single screw extruders, twin screw systems offer superior mixing efficiency, exakt temperaturkontroll, and the ability to process a wider range of materials — from thermoplastics and rubber compounds to food ingredients and pharmaceutical granules.

Aliment Extrudé The core components manufactured in a twin screw Twin Screw Extruder Price Factory extruder factory include: Heavy Duty Commercial Mixer

• Skruvelement (knådningsblock, conveying elements, blanda element)
• Barrels (segmented or monolithic, with heating/cooling channels)
• Gearboxes and drive systems
• Feeding systems (gravimetric and volumetric feeders)
• Die heads and downstream equipment
• Control systems and automation panels

Twin screw extruders are deployed in plastics compounding (the largest segment), masterbatch produktion, polymer recycling, snack food manufacturing, pet food production, farmaceutisk varmsmältextrudering, and advanced materials processing including carbon fiber composites and battery electrode materials. Enligt uppgifter från Grand View Research, the global twin screw extruder market was valued at approximately USD 1.2 miljarder in 2024 och förväntas växa med en CAGR på 5.2% genom 2030.

Industrial manufacturing facility interior with heavy machinery and production lines representing a twin screw extruder facto

What Makes a Twin Screw Extruder Factory Different from a Workshop or Assembly Shop

Not every company that sells twin screw extruders operates a genuine factory. The distinction matters enormously for B2B buyers. A true twin screw extruder factory has:

• In-house metallurgy and machining: CNC machining centers, deep-hole drilling equipment, and heat treatment furnaces for producing screw elements and barrels from tool steel, tungsten carbide, or specialized alloys.
• Engineering and R&D departments: Dedicated teams that design screw configurations, run simulation software (such as Ludovic or PolyXtrue), and develop custom solutions for specific material processing challenges.
• Assembly and testing lines: Controlled environments where complete extruder systems are assembled, aligned, and run through performance validation tests before shipment.
• Quality management systems: ISO 9001 certification at minimum, with many factories also holding CE marking capability, and compliance with machinery directives such as the EU Machinery Regulation 2023/1230 (replacing the former 2006/42/EC directive, gäller i januari 2027).

An assembly shop or trading company, by contrast, sources components from multiple sub-suppliers, assembles them with limited quality control, and often lacks the engineering depth to support custom configurations or after-sales technical service. When evaluating a twin screw extruder supplier, verifying factory capability is the first step.

The Global Landscape: Where Twin Screw Extruder Factories Are Located

Twin screw extruder manufacturing is concentrated in several key regions:

Europa: Germany remains the historical center of twin screw extruder innovation. Companies like Coperion (Stuttgart), KraussMaffei (Munich), and Leistritz (Nuremberg) operate large-scale factories with decades of engineering heritage. Italy also has a strong cluster, particularly in the Brescia-Bergamo corridor. European factories are known for precision engineering, advanced metallurgy, and premium pricing.

Kina: China has emerged as the world's largest producer of twin screw extruders by volume. Major manufacturing clusters exist in Nanjing (Jiangsu-provinsen), which alone hosts over 40 twin screw extruder factories, as well as in Zhangjiagang, Kunshan, and Guangdong Province. Chinese factories range from high-end manufacturers producing equipment comparable to European standards, to budget-oriented operations targeting price-sensitive markets. Enligt China Customs data, exports of plastics processing machinery (HS code 8477) överskred USD 3.8 miljarder in 2024.

United States: The US has fewer dedicated twin screw extruder factories but hosts significant operations from global players (Coperion's manufacturing and service center in New Jersey, till exempel) and specialized domestic manufacturers. The US market is primarily an importer and end-user market.

Japan and South Korea: Japan's JSW (Japan Steel Works) and Shibaura Machine (formerly Toshiba Machine) are premium manufacturers. South Korea has growing capacity, particularly for food and pharmaceutical extrusion equipment.

Global shipping port with container vessels and cranes representing international B2B trade logistics for industrial machiner

Trade Policy and Its Impact on Twin Screw Extruder Procurement

For B2B buyers operating in the trade corridor, understanding current trade policy is essential for cost planning and supply chain strategy.

The Transatlantic Trade and Technology Council (TTC), etablerat i 2021, has continued to shape industrial cooperation. While the TTC does not directly set tariffs, its working groups on supply chain resilience and technology standards influence how industrial machinery — inklusive extruderingsutrustning — moves between the two markets. Från och med mitten av, the key policy factors include:

Screw Extruder Machine Factory Tariff environment: Standard US tariffs on EU-manufactured industrial machinery (HTS Chapter 84) remain at rates between 0% och 3.5% for most twin screw extruder components. The EU applies similar rates on US-origin machinery. Dock, the broader tariff environment has been volatile. The US Section 232 stål- och aluminiumtaxor (25% och 10% respektive), while primarily targeting raw materials, have increased costs for extruder factories that source specialty steels. The EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM), som gick in i sin övergångsfas i oktober 2023 och går mot fullständig implementering av 2026, adds reporting requirements for embedded carbon in imported goods, per European Commission CBAM documentation.

Supply chain shifts: The US Inflation Reduction Act (IRA) and the EU's Green Deal Industrial Plan have both created incentives for domestic manufacturing of clean energy technologies. Twin screw extruders are critical equipment in battery electrode manufacturing, bioplastics compounding, and polymer recycling — all sectors receiving significant policy support. This has driven increased demand for extrusion equipment on both sides of the Atlantic, according to reporting from the International Trade Administration (ITA).

Standards and compliance: The EU's new Machinery Regulation (2023/1230) will require updated conformity assessment procedures for machinery placed on the EU market starting January 20, 2027. Twin screw extruder factories exporting to Europe must prepare for these changes. US buyers importing European equipment benefit from generally high compliance standards but should verify CE documentation carefully.

How to Evaluate a Twin Screw Extruder Factory as a B2B Buyer

Whether you are a plastics compounder in Ohio, a food manufacturer in the Netherlands, or a trading company sourcing for clients in Southeast Asia, evaluating a twin screw extruder factory requires a systematic approach:

1. Verify Manufacturing Capability

Request a factory tour (virtual or in-person). Look for in-house CNC machining of screw elements and barrels, heat treatment facilities, and a dedicated assembly area. A factory that outsources all machining is essentially a trading company with a warehouse.

2. Assess Engineering Depth

Ask about screw design capability. Can the factory provide custom screw configurations for your specific material and process? Do they use simulation tools? Can they provide process trial data from their test lab? A genuine twin screw extruder manufacturer will have a technical team that can discuss your application in detail.

3. Check Quality Certifications

ISO 9001 is the baseline. For EU markets, CE marking is mandatory. For food-contact applications, look for FDA compliance or EU Regulation (EC) Inga 1935/2004 efterlevnad. För farmaceutiska tillämpningar, GMP-compatible design is essential.

4. Review After-Sales Support

Twin screw extruders are long-lifecycle capital equipment. Spare parts availability, technical support response time, and the availability of field service engineers in your region are critical factors. European factories typically have strong service networks in the EU and North America. Chinese factories have been rapidly expanding their overseas service capabilities, with several now maintaining spare parts warehouses in Germany, the Netherlands, and the United States.

5. Request References

Ask for customer references in your industry and region. A factory that cannot provide Twin-Screw Extruder Machine Tillverkare references for your specific application type should be approached with caution. Leverantör av plastextruder

Engineer inspecting industrial machinery in a factory setting representing quality control in twin screw extruder manufacturi

Twin Screw Extruder Factory Wholesale: What Bulk Buyers Need to Know

Wholesale purchasing of twin screw extruders — buying multiple units or establishing framework agreements — is common among large compounding groups, EPC contractors for turnkey plants, and trading companies serving regional markets. The wholesale dynamic differs significantly from single-unit procurement:

Pricing structure: Volume discounts of 8-15% are typical for orders of 3+ enheter. Framework agreements covering 12-24 months of supply can yield additional savings of 3-5%. Dock, the most significant cost lever is often standardization — agreeing on a common platform configuration reduces the factory's engineering and production costs, and those savings can be passed through.

Ledtider: Standard lead times for twin screw extruders range from 12-20 weeks for Chinese factories to 16-30 weeks for European factories (as of Q2 ). Wholesale Color Masterbatch Machine Factory buyers can negotiate priority production slots, but should plan procurement cycles 6-9 months ahead, particularly for customized configurations.

Logistics and trade terms: For trade, most transactions use Incoterms 2020 terms. FOB or CIF are common for ocean freight shipments. Twin screw extruders are typically shipped in wooden crates with ISPM-15 compliant packaging. A standard laboratory-scale twin screw extruder (till exempel, 20mm skruvdiameter) might weigh 500-800 kg; a production-scale machine (till exempel, 135mm skruvdiameter) kan väga 15,000-25,000 kg, requiring specialized heavy-lift logistics.

Payment terms: The industry standard is 30% advance payment with order confirmation, 60% before shipment (against inspection), och 10% efter driftsättning. Letters of credit (L/C) are common for first-time transactions, particularly in cross-border trade. Established relationships may move to open account terms with 60-90 day payment windows.

B2B Trade Opportunities and Challenges in the Extrusion Equipment Market

The corridor presents specific opportunities and challenges for twin screw extruder trade:

Möjligheter

• Sustainability-driven demand: Both the US and EU are investing heavily in polymer recycling infrastructure. Mechanical recycling lines require twin screw extruders for recompounding. Chemical recycling (pyrolysis oil upgrading) also uses extrusion technology. The EU's Packaging and Packaging Waste Regulation (PPWR), adopted in 2024, mandates recycled content targets that will drive equipment investment through 2030, as documented by the European Commission DG Environment.
• Battery materials processing: Twin screw extruders are used in dry electrode manufacturing for lithium-ion batteries. Med gigafactory konstruktion accelererar i både USA (driven by IRA incentives) och jag (European Battery Alliance), demand for specialized extrusion equipment is growing rapidly.
• Bearbetning av livsmedel och foder: Plant-based protein extrusion (high-moisture meat analogues) is a growth segment. European food technology companies are leading in this space, and US food manufacturers are increasingly sourcing European twin screw extrusion technology for this application.

Utmaningar

• Valutavolatilitet: EUR/USD fluctuations directly impact procurement costs. The euro has traded in a range of approximately 1.03-1.15 against the dollar over the past 18 månader, creating budgeting uncertainty for cross-Atlantic purchases.
• Regleringsdivergens: Despite TTC coordination efforts, US and EU machinery safety standards are not fully harmonized. Equipment designed for the EU market may require modifications for US electrical codes (NEC/NFPA 79 mot. IEC 60204-1), and vice versa.
• Immateriella rättigheter: Some B2B buyers, particularly those sourcing from lower-cost factories, face risks around IP protection for proprietary screw designs and process configurations. Robust NDAs and clear IP ownership clauses in supply contracts are essential.
• Geopolitical uncertainty: Ongoing trade tensions, potential new tariff actions, and shifting alliance structures create planning uncertainty. De Världshandelsorganisationen (WTO) has noted increasing fragmentation in global trade patterns, which affects capital equipment procurement strategies.

Business professionals reviewing trade documents and contracts in a modern office representing B2B procurement negotiations f

Geographic and Policy Advantages: How the Corridor Enables B2B Extrusion Equipment Trade

The trade relationship, despite periodic friction, remains the world's largest bilateral commercial relationship. For twin screw extruder trade specifically, several structural advantages facilitate B2B commerce:

Established logistics infrastructure: Major ports like Rotterdam, Hamburg, Antwerpen-Brugge (Europa) and Newark, Houston, Long Beach (USA) have well-developed heavy machinery handling capabilities. Transittider för 10-18 days for ocean freight between major EU and US ports are reliable and well-served by multiple shipping lines.

Mutual recognition frameworks: While not a formal mutual recognition agreement for machinery, the US and EU have decades of experience with each other's regulatory systems. Notified Bodies in the EU and NRTLs (Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratories) in the US understand cross-market requirements, simplifying compliance for twin screw extruder factories serving both markets.

Financial infrastructure: trade benefits from deep banking relationships, readily available trade finance instruments, and stable legal frameworks for contract enforcement. The International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) rules on documentary credits and the UN Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) provide well-understood legal foundations.

Plastic Compounding Manufacturer Trade show ecosystem: Key industry events facilitate buyer-supplier connections. K Fair (Düsseldorf, next edition October ), NAMN (Orlando, next edition May 2027), and Chinaplas (årligen) are the primary venues where twin screw extruder factories showcase their latest technology. Smaller specialized events like the Compounding World Expo (Essen, Tyskland) provide focused networking opportunities. 2Nd Hand Building Material

International trade exhibition hall with industrial equipment displays and B2B visitors representing extrusion machinery trad

Case Studies Companies Operating Successfully in the Twin Screw Extruder Market

Examining how established companies navigate the twin screw extruder market provides practical insights for B2B buyers and suppliers:

Fallstudie 1: European Manufacturer Expanding US Market Presence

Coperion, headquartered in Stuttgart, Tyskland, operates one of the world's largest twin screw extruder factories. Their strategy for the US market illustrates best practices for cross-Atlantic B2B trade. Rather than simply exporting from Germany, Coperion established a significant operational presence in the US — including a manufacturing and service facility in Sewell, New Jersey, and a test lab in Pitman, New Jersey. This dual-location strategy allows them to offer European engineering quality with US-based service response times. För B2B-köpare, this model provides the security of a local service partner backed by deep factory engineering capability. Their approach to the US market has been documented in trade publications including Plast idag.

Fallstudie 2: Chinese Factory Building Credibility in Western Markets

Nanjing-based twin screw extruder factories have increasingly targeted the US and EU markets. The successful ones have invested in several key areas: obtaining CE certification and UL-listed electrical components for their machines, establishing spare parts inventories in Europe (typically in the Netherlands or Germany due to logistics hub advantages), hiring English and German-speaking sales engineers, and participating consistently in European trade shows. One notable pattern is the use of process trial centers — several Nanjing manufacturers have established test labs where prospective Western buyers can run their materials on the equipment before committing to purchase. This addresses the trust gap that has historically limited Chinese factory penetration in premium Western markets.

Fallstudie 3: US Compounder Optimizing Multi-Source Procurement

A mid-sized US plastics compounding company (årliga intäkter cirka USD 200 miljon) shared their procurement approach at an industry conference in early. They operate 14 twin screw extruder lines sourced from three different manufacturers — two European and one Chinese. Their strategy: European machines for their most demanding applications (engineering plastics compounding requiring tight tolerance and high torque), and Chinese machines for commodity compounding lines where uptime requirements are less stringent and capital cost sensitivity is higher. They reported that the total cost of ownership (TCO) gap between European and Chinese equipment has narrowed from approximately 50% five years ago to approximately 25-30% today, driven primarily by improvements in Chinese gearbox and barrel metallurgy quality. This multi-source approach is increasingly common among sophisticated B2B buyers, as noted in analysis from industry procurement guides.

Industrial worker operating heavy manufacturing equipment in a factory representing hands-on twin screw extruder production o

Trade Trend Predictions: What to Expect in the Next 1-2 månader (Juli-augusti )

Baserat på aktuella marknadssignaler, politikutvecklingen, och branschdata, several trends are likely to shape the twin screw extruder factory landscape in the near term:

Continued strong demand from recycling sector: The EU's PPWR implementation timeline is driving urgent investment in recycling infrastructure. Twin screw extruder orders for recycling applications are expected Twin Screw Extruders Tillverkare to remain robust through Q3. Factories with proven recycling-grade equipment (capable of handling contaminated feedstocks, high filler loadings, and variable input quality) will see preferential demand.

Battery sector orders accelerating: Several US and European gigafactory projects are moving from construction to equipment procurement phases. Twin screw extruder factories with dry electrode processing capability — a relatively niche but rapidly growing segment — are likely to see significant order intake. This is a technology area where Japanese manufacturers (JSW, Shibaura) currently lead, but European and Chinese factories are investing heavily to compete.

Price pressure from overcapacity in China: The Nanjing twin screw extruder cluster has expanded production capacity significantly over the past three years. With domestic Chinese demand softening in some segments (particularly commodity plastics compounding), export pricing pressure is likely to intensify. B2B buyers may find favorable negotiating conditions for Chinese-origin equipment in the July-August window.

Tariff watch: The US trade policy environment remains dynamic. B2B buyers should monitor potential changes to Section 301 tariffs (currently primarily targeting Chinese goods) and any new trade actions that could affect machinery imports. De USA:s internationella handelskommission (USITC) maintains updated tariff schedules and trade remedy information.

Sustainability documentation requirements increasing: Both US and EU buyers are increasingly requiring carbon footprint data, conflict mineral declarations, and sustainability reports from equipment suppliers. Twin screw extruder factories that can provide comprehensive ESG documentation will have a competitive advantage in B2B procurement processes. The EU's Corporate Sustainability Reporting Directive (CSRD) is driving this trend on the European side.

Digital twin and IoT integration: Leading twin screw extruder factories are integrating digital twin technology and IoT-enabled monitoring into their equipment. För B2B-köpare, this means the ability to monitor extruder performance remotely, predict maintenance needs, and optimize process parameters using data analytics. Factories offering these capabilities command premium pricing but deliver measurable operational value.

Worker Safety in Extrusion Factories: Protecting Feet and Toes on the Production Floor

Twin screw extruder factories are heavy industrial environments. The machines themselves weigh thousands of kilograms, process materials at temperatures exceeding 300°C, and operate under pressures that can reach 200+ bar. The factory floor presents significant safety hazards — and foot protection is one of the most critical yet often underappreciated aspects of workplace safety in these facilities. Extrusion Companies

Why Foot Protection Matters in Extrusion Manufacturing

In a twin screw extruder factory, workers face multiple foot and toe hazards daily:

• Tungt föremål faller: Skruvelement, fatsegment, formplattor, and gearbox components are routinely handled during assembly, underhåll, and changeovers. A single screw element can weigh 5-15 kg; a barrel segment can weigh 50-200 kg. Dropping any of these on an unprotected foot can cause crushing injuries, fractures, or amputations.
• Hett material spills ut: Molten polymer at 200-350°C can spill during die changes, purging operations, or equipment malfunctions. Contact with unprotected feet causes severe burns.
• Chemical exposure: Processing additives, cleaning solvents, and some polymer degradation products can cause chemical burns or skin irritation on contact.
• Halkrisker: Polymer pellets on the floor, hydraulic oil leaks, and water from cooling systems create slip hazards that can lead to falls and foot/ankle injuries.
• Kompressionsrisker: Heavy equipment on wheels (extruder carts, material bins, forklifts) can roll over feet. The static weight of a production twin screw extruder on a mobile frame can exceed 10,000 kg.

Safety Footwear Standards for Industrial Environments

B2B safety footwear for extrusion factory environments must meet rigorous standards:

European standard EN ISO 20345: This is the primary standard for safety footwear in EU workplaces. It defines protection classes:

• SB: Basic toe protection (200 joule impact resistance)
• S1: SB + stängd häl, antistatisk, energiupptagning i hälen
• S2: S1 + water penetration resistance
• S3: S2 + penetration-resistant sole + klämd yttersula
• S4/S5: Polymer boot versions of S1/S3

For twin screw extruder factory environments, S3 rated footwear is the minimum recommendation. The 200-joule toe cap impact resistance is equivalent to a 20 kg object dropped from 1 meter height — adequate for most screw elements and hand tools, though not for the heaviest components where additional handling precautions (hoists, protective barriers) are required.

US standard ASTM F2413: The American standard specifies impact resistance (I/75 = 75 fot-pund) and compression resistance (C/75 = 2,500 pund). Additional ratings include Mt (mellanfotsskydd), Cd (conductive), VA (electrical hazard), SD (static dissipative), and PR (puncture resistant). For extrusion factory use, I/75 C/75 EH PR rated footwear is recommended.

The B2B Safety Footwear Market: Opportunities for Suppliers

Cr-10S Pro V2 Extruder The global safety footwear market was valued at approximately USD 7.8 miljarder in 2024, enligt Marknader och marknader, with industrial manufacturing being the largest end-use segment. For B2B safety footwear suppliers targeting the extrusion and plastics processing industry, several factors create opportunity:

Regulatory compliance driving upgrades: Both OSHA (USA) and EU-OSHA enforce workplace safety regulations that require employers to provide appropriate PPE, including safety footwear. Regular audits and increasing enforcement activity mean that factories must maintain compliant footwear programs. This creates recurring B2B demand.

Comfort and performance expectations rising: Modern factory workers expect safety footwear that is not only protective but also comfortable for 8-12 timskift. Lightweight composite toe caps (replacing traditional steel), foder som andas, ergonomic insoles, and athletic-style designs are driving product innovation and replacement cycles. Workers who find their safety shoes uncomfortable are more likely to wear them improperly or remove them — creating safety risks that employers want to avoid.

Heat-resistant specialty footwear: Extrusion factory environments specifically require footwear with heat-resistant outsoles. Standard rubber outsoles can degrade on hot surfaces. Nitrile rubber or Viton-based outsoles rated for continuous contact temperatures of 300°C are available from specialized B2B suppliers and command premium pricing.

Metatarsal skydd: Beyond toe caps, metatarsal guards protect the upper foot from impact and compression. In extrusion factories where heavy cylindrical objects (fatsegment, screw shafts) are common, metatarsal protection provides an additional safety margin. De B2B safety footwear segment offering integrated metatarsal guards is growing at approximately 8% årligen.

Selecting Safety Footwear for Your Extrusion Factory Workforce

For factory managers and procurement officers at twin screw extruder manufacturing facilities, selecting the right safety footwear program involves:

1. Hazard assessment: Conduct a thorough workplace hazard assessment per OSHA 29 CFR 1910.132 (USA) or EU Framework Directive 89/391/EEC. Document specific foot hazards in each work area — assembly floor, machining shop, test lab, warehouse.
2. Standard selection: Match the identified hazards to the appropriate protection standard. Most extrusion factory environments require S3 (EU) or I/75 C/75 PR (USA) as minimum specifications.
3. Fit and comfort program: Partner with a B2B safety footwear supplier that offers on-site fitting services, multiple width options, and a trial period. Poor-fitting safety shoes cause blisters, fatigue, and non-compliance.
4. Replacement schedule: Safety footwear in heavy industrial environments typically needs replacement every 6-12 månader. Establish a regular replacement program rather than waiting for visible damage.
5. Training: Ensure all workers understand why safety footwear is required, how to inspect their shoes for damage, and when to request replacements.

Protecting workers' feet and toes is not just a regulatory requirement — it is a fundamental responsibility of any twin screw extruder factory operation. The cost of a quality safety footwear program (typiskt USD 150-300 per worker per year for premium B2B safety shoes) is negligible compared to the cost of a single foot injury (average workers' compensation claim for a foot injury exceeds USD 15,000 in direct costs alone, per Nationella säkerhetsrådet data).

Industrial safety equipment including protective footwear and personal protective equipment in a manufacturing workplace

Vanliga frågor (FAQ)

What is the typical lead time for ordering a twin screw extruder from a factory?

Lead times vary by manufacturer and configuration. Standard models from Chinese factories typically ship in 12-16 veckor. European manufacturers generally quote 16-30 weeks for standard configurations and longer for highly customized systems. Wholesale orders with framework agreements can sometimes secure priority slots.

How do I verify that a twin screw extruder factory is a genuine manufacturer and not a trading company?

Request a factory audit (in-person or via third-party inspection services like SGS or Bureau Veritas). Look for in-house CNC machining capability, a dedicated engineering team, ISO 9001 certification with the factory address matching the manufacturing site, and customer references you can independently verify.

What certifications should a twin screw extruder have for the EU market?

CE marking is mandatory for machinery placed on the EU market. The machine must comply with the current Machinery Directive 2006/42/EC (and the new Machinery Regulation 2023/1230 from January 2027). Additional requirements may apply depending on the application — till exempel, ATEX certification for use in explosive atmospheres, or food-contact compliance under EU Regulation (EC) Inga 1935/2004.

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